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1.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1406887

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT We described a MRSA bloodstream infection outbreak that was rapidly identified and controlled in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit after implementation of a bundle of measures, including PCR-screening and HCW decolonization. We found 35% of healthcare workers(HCW) colonized with S. aureus by PCR, one of them that presented skin lesion positive for MSSA (same clone and spa type than two patients). Our findings raise the hypothesis that the outbreak could be related to HCW colonization.

2.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 21(1): 57-62, Jan.-Feb. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-839184

ABSTRACT

Abstract The mechanisms involved in the uncommon resistance phenotype, carbapenem resistance and broad-spectrum cephalosporin susceptibility, were investigated in 25 Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates that exhibited this phenotype, which were recovered from three different hospitals located in São Paulo, Brazil. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined by CLSI broth microdilution. β-lactamase-encoding genes were investigated by PCR followed by DNA sequencing. Carbapenem hydrolysis activity was investigated by spectrophotometer and MALDI-TOF assays. The mRNA transcription level of oprD was assessed by qRT-PCR and the outer membrane proteins profile was evaluated by SDS-PAGE. Genetic relationship among P. aeruginosa isolates was assessed by PFGE. Carbapenems hydrolysis was not detected by carbapenemase assay in the carbapenem-resistant and cephalosporin-susceptible P. aueruginosa clinical isolates. OprD decreased expression was observed in all P. aeruginosa isolates by qRT-PCR. The outer membrane protein profile by SDS-PAGE suggested a change in the expression of the 46 kDa porin that could correspond to OprD porin. The isolates were clustered into 17 genotypes without predominance of a specific PFGE pattern. These results emphasize the involvement of multiple chromosomal mechanisms in carbapenem-resistance among clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, alert for adaptation of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates under antimicrobial selective pressure and make aware of the emergence of an uncommon phenotype among P. aeruginosa clinical isolates.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Cephalosporins/pharmacology , beta-Lactam Resistance/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Phenotype , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzymology , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , beta-Lactamases/metabolism , Brazil , DNA, Bacterial , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Porins/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
3.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 66(4): 408-413, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-787619

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Marfan's Syndrome (MFS) is a disorder of connective tissue, mainly involving the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and ocular systems. The most severe problems include aortic root dilatation and dissection. Anesthetic management is vital for the improvement on perioperative morbidity. Case report: 61-year-old male with MFS, presenting mainly with pectus carinatum, scoliosis, ectopia lens, previous spontaneous pneumothorax and aortal aneurysm and dissection submitted to thoracoabdominal aortic prosthesis placement. Underwent routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to lithiasis. Important findings on preoperative examination were thoracolumbar kyphoscoliosis, metallic murmur on cardiac exam. Chest radiograph revealed Cobb angle of 70°. Echocardiogram showed evidence of aortic mechanical prosthesis with no deficits. Discussion: Preoperative evaluation should focus on cardiopulmonary abnormalities. The anesthesiologist should be prepared for a potentially difficult intubation. Proper positioning and limb support prior to induction is crucial in order to avoid joint injuries. Consider antibiotic prophylaxis for subacute bacterial endocarditis. The patient should be carefully positioned to avoid joint injuries. Intraoperatively cardiovascular monitoring is mandatory: avoid maneuvers that can lead to tachycardia or hypertension, control airway pressure to prevent pneumothorax and maintain an adequate volemia to decrease chances of prolapse, especially if considering laparoscopic surgery. No single intraoperative anesthetic agent or technique has demonstrated superiority. Adequate postoperative pain management is vitally important to avoid the detrimental effects of hypertension and tachycardia.


Resumo Justificativa: A síndrome de Marfan (SMF) é uma doença do tecido conjuntivo que envolve principalmente os sistemas cardiovascular, musculoesquelético e visual. Os problemas mais graves incluem dilatação da raiz da aorta e dissecção. O manejo anestésico é vital para a melhoria da morbidade perioperatória. Relato de caso: Homem de 61 anos com SMF, apresentou-se principalmente com pectus carinatum, escoliose, ectopia da lente, pneumotórax espontâneo anterior e aneurisma da aorta e dissecção, submetido à colocação de prótese aórtica toracoabdominal. O paciente foi submetido à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica de rotina devido à litíase. Os achados importantes ao exame pré-operatório foram cifoescoliose toracolombar e murmúrio metálico em exame cardíaco. A radiografia de tórax revelou ângulo de Cobb de 70° e o ecocardiograma mostrou evidência de prótese mecânica aórtica sem alterações. Discussão: A avaliação pré-operatória deve ter como foco as anormalidades cardiopulmonares. O anestesiologista deve estar preparado para uma intubação potencialmente difícil. O posicionamento adequado e o apoio para o membro antes da indução são fundamentais para evitar lesões nas articulações. Profilaxia antibiótica deve ser considerada para endocardite bacteriana subaguda. O paciente deve ser cuidadosamente posicionado para evitar lesões das articulações. O monitoramento cardiovascular é obrigatório no período intraoperatório: evitar manobras que podem levar à taquicardia ou hipertensão; controlar a pressão das vias aéreas para evitar pneumotórax e manter uma volemia adequada para diminuir as chances de prolapso, especialmente em caso de laparoscopia. Nenhum agente anestésico ou técnica demonstrou superioridade no período intraoperatório. O tratamento adequado da dor no pós-operatório é de vital importância para evitar os efeitos deletérios da hipertensão e da taquicardia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Perioperative Care/methods , Anesthesia/methods , Marfan Syndrome/surgery , Marfan Syndrome/diagnosis , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Respiratory Function Tests , Diagnostic Imaging , Heart/physiopathology , Heart/diagnostic imaging , Lung/physiopathology , Lung/diagnostic imaging , Marfan Syndrome/physiopathology , Middle Aged
4.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 48(3): 358-360, May-Jun/2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-749882

ABSTRACT

Infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms continue to increase, and therapeutic options remain scarce. Given this challenge, it has become necessary to use older antimicrobials for treatment of these pathogens. We report three patients with lower urinary tract infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae who were successfully treated with a seven-day course of oral fosfomycin monotherapy.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Fosfomycin/therapeutic use , Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests , Klebsiella Infections/microbiology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , Treatment Outcome , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , beta-Lactamases
5.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 97(5): e108-e110, nov. 2011. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-608943

ABSTRACT

Lactococcus garvieae, patógeno zoonótico emergente, é responsável por mastite em ruminantes e septicemia em peixes. Embora seja considerado oportunista e raramente causar infecções em humanos, sua incidência deve estar subestimada devido à dificuldade do diagnóstico. Há pouquíssimos relatos de osteomielite, abscesso hepático e peritonite, e apenas nove casos descritos na literatura mundial de endocardite. Relatamos o primeiro caso de endocardite por Lactococcus garvieae da América Latina em paciente portadora de prótese valvar metálica, com quadro de febre diária, calafrios, nodos de Osler e seis hemoculturas positivas para Lactococcus garvieae, que preenchiam os critérios de Duke para o diagnóstico de "endocardite infecciosa definitiva".


Lactococcus garvieae, an emerging zoonotic pathogen, is responsible for mastitis in rodents and sepsis in fish. Although deemed opportunistic and hardly ever causing infections in humans, its incidence is probably underestimated due to the difficulty in diagnosis. There are very few reports of osteomyelitis, liver abscess, and peritonitis, and only nine cases of endocarditis described in worldwide literature. We describe the first case of Lactococcus garvieae endocarditis in Latin America, in a female patient with metallic prosthetic heart valve who presented with daily fever, chills, Osler nodes and six positive blood cultures for Lactococcus garvieae, which met Duke's criteria for the diagnosis of "definitive infective endocarditis".


Lactococcus garvieae, patógeno zoonótico emergente, es responsable por mastitis en rumiantes y septicemia en peces. Aunque sea considerado oportunista y raramente cause infecciones en humanos, su incidencia debe estar subestimada debido a la dificultad del diagnóstico. Hay poquísimos relatos de osteomielitis, absceso hepático y peritonitis, y apenas nueve casos descriptos en la literatura mundial de endocarditis. Relatamos el primer caso de endocarditis por Lactococcus garvieae de América Latina en paciente portadora de prótesis valvar metálica, con cuadro de fiebre diaria, escalofríos, nódulos de Osler y seis hemocultivos positivos para Lactococcus garvieae, que llenaban los criterios de Duke para el diagnóstico de "endocarditis infecciosa definitiva".


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology , Heart Valve Prosthesis , Lactococcus/isolation & purification , Diagnosis, Differential , Fever/etiology , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/diagnosis , Latin America , Lactococcus/classification
6.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 52(3): 133-137, May-June 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-550354

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to describe a pseudo-outbreak of C. difficile in a hospital, following a change in the method used to detect the toxin. In February 2002, there were two cases of CDAD and in March 7 occurred, coinciding with a change of the test (from detection of toxin A to toxin A/B). An outbreak was suspected. Active surveillance and education of staff were started. A CDAD case was defined as a patient with acute onset of diarrhea (³ three episodes of liquid stools) and a positive stool test. They were classified as hospital or community-acquired. Stool samples were also collected for C. difficile culture and isolates were typed using AP-PCR. From March 2002 through December 2003 there were 138 cases of CDAD: 70 percent were hospital-acquired and among the 30 percent with CDAD present on admission, most (81 percent) came directly from the community (50 percent had no history of hospitalization). Fifty-two percent of hospital-acquired CDAD and 94 percent of cases on admission had already used antibiotics. The incidence of CDAD in hospitalized patients during surveillance was 3.3 per 1000 patient-admissions. The incidence of CDAD present on admission was 6.1/1000 patients. Sixteen isolates were typed and presented 13 different profiles. In conclusion, the CDAD increase in our study occurred due to change in diagnostic methods and not due to an outbreak, as suspected initially. The incidence in hospitalized patients was much lower than in reported outbreaks. There were 13 molecular types suggesting that an outbreak did not occur. CDAD was largely community-acquired.


O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever um pseudo-surto de C. difficile em um hospital após a troca do método de detecção de toxina. Em fevereiro de 2002 houve dois casos de DACD e em março ocorreram sete casos, que coincidiram com a mudança de teste (que detectava apenas toxina A e passou a detectar toxinas A e B). Foi suspeitado que houvesse um surto e vigilância ativa e reforço educacional para os profissionais de saúde foi implantado. Um caso de DACD foi definido como um paciente com início abrupto de diarréia (> 3 episódios de fezes líquidas) e um teste positivo. Os casos foram classificados como de aquisição comunitária ou hospitalar. Foram colhidas fezes para cultura para C. difficile e os isolados foram tipados por AP-PCR. De março de 2002 a dezembro de 2003 houve 138 casos de DACD: 70 por cento foram hospitalares e, entre os 30 por cento de casos comunitários, a maioria (81 por cento) foi de pacientes provenientes diretamente da comunidade (50 por cento não tinham histórico de internação). Cinquenta e dois por cento dos casos de DCAD hospitalar e 94 por cento de casos na admissão haviam utilizado antimicrobianos. A incidência de DCAD em pacientes internados foi de 3,3/100 pacientes e na admissão foi 6,1/1000 pacientes. Dezesseis isolados foram tipados e apresentaram 13 perfis diferentes. Em conclusão, o aumento de DACD no nosso estudo ocorreu por uma mudança de método diagnóstico e não devido a um surto como foi suspeitado inicialmente. A incidência em pacientes internados foi muito inferior ao que já foi relatado em surtos. Houve 13 perfis moleculares sugerindo que não ocorreu um surto. DACD foi, em grande parte, de aquisição comunitária.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Clostridium Infections/epidemiology , Clostridioides difficile/isolation & purification , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Bacterial Toxins/analysis , Brazil/epidemiology , Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology , Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Diarrhea/microbiology , Feces/microbiology , Incidence , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Young Adult
7.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 11(2): 302-305, Apr. 2007. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-454735

ABSTRACT

Non cholera Vibrio may cause conjunctivitis, wound infection, gastroenteritis and serious sepsis. Transmission to men is through contact with skin, mucosa or wounds exposed to marine water, and consumption of certain barely cooked or raw seafood, more frequently in the summer. This is one of the first cases of severe infection related to Vibrio vulnificus described in Brazil. The patient was an old man, who ingested seafood in Guarujá, a seashore city near São Paulo, 3 days before hospitalization. He was admitted to the emergency room in an ill state with septic shock. On 2 sets of blood culture a highly virulent microorganism was isolated, Vibrio vulnificus, which leads to sepsis and frequently to death in susceptible patients. The objective of this report was to use this case to discuss clinical aspects, microbiological diagnosis and treatment of the infection caused by this agent, besides the review of epidemiology, associated risk factors and prevention before consuming or getting in contact with seafood, especially in patients with greater susceptibility to this kind of infection.


Subject(s)
Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Male , Shock, Septic/microbiology , Vibrio vulnificus , Vibrio Infections/microbiology , Fatal Outcome , Severity of Illness Index , Seafood/adverse effects , Vibrio Infections/diagnosis
8.
J. pneumol ; 25(4): 207-12, jul.-ago. 1999. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-254899

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÄO: A broncoscopia figura como opçäo diagnóstica frente a um paciente com suspeita de tuberculose e escarro "negativo". Neste contexto säo objetivos do trabalho: avaliar o redimento do lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) e da biópsia transbrônquica (BTB) nos pacientes HIV-positivo (grupo 1) e em indivíduos imunocompetentes (grupo 2), utilizando técnicas de procedimento laboratorial simples e facilmente disponíneis na prática clínica. CASUISTICA E METODOLOGIA: Foram realizadas 319 broncoscopias em 302 doentes. Todos os exames incluíram a inspeçäo endoscópica das vias aérea seguida da coleta do LBA e da BTB no pulmäo ipsilateral. O diagnóstico de tuberculose foi estabelecido em funçäo da pesquisa direta de BAAR no lavado (zn), da cultura para micobactérias (Lj) e do estudo histológico das biópsias (HE e zn). RESULTADO: O diagnóstico de tuberculose foi estabelecido em 28 dos 214 exames do grupo 1 e em 35 dos 105 casos do grupo 2. Destes, havia alteraçöes endoscópicas respectivamente em 3 e 10 pacientes. No grupo 1 a pesquisa direta foi positiva em 7 exames, a cultura do lavado em 14 e a biópsia transbrônquica em 19. No grupo 2 a pesquisa direta foi positiva em 7 exames, a cultura do lavado em 14 e a biópsia em 31. Os dados obtidos pela BTB comparados com os do LBA foram concordantes no grupo 1 (p = 0,823) e discordantes no grupo 2 (p = 0,022). Os resultados imediatos (pesquisa direta e BTB) comparados com a positividade tardia da cultura foram semelhantes no grupo 1 (p = 0,066) e discordantes no grupo 2 (p < 0,001). Houve oito episódios de pneumotórax (2,5 por cento) e um óbito (0,3 por cento). CONCLUSÖES: A BTB isoladamente aumenta o redimento da broncoscopia e, sempre que possível, tanto o LBA quanto a BTB devem ser realizados no sentido de otimizar o diagnóstico de tuberculose. Os resultados dos dois métodos säo complementares nos pacientes imunocompetemtes e, nos HIV-positivo, a BTB confere maior rapidez diagnóstica ao ser associada à pesquisa direta de BAAR no lavado


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections , Biopsy , Bronchoscopy , Lung , Tuberculosis/diagnosis
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